Karachi University journal of Science


	Dear Readers: The Scientific and Research publications of the faculty members and scholars are an important source of gathering updated information. This updated and recent information plays a pivotal role in the development and economy of a country. The Karachi University Journal of Science has been publishing valuable research papers of the faculty members and scholars in the field of physical, biological and marine disciplines. The research contributions published in the compendium are not only helpful in updating the knowledge but are also an important source for decision making and opening new horizons for the researchers. I am sure that the publication of this volume of the Journal of Science shall be well received by all the stakeholders and encourage new research activities among the faculty members and promising research scholars . Prof.Dr.Muhammad Qaiser Vice-Chancellor


	Dear Readers: We are presenting you with a journal called Karachi University journal of Science. Our goal is to create a new forum for exchange of information on all aspects of Science. Future scope of the Karachi University journal of Science is open to your suggestions. I would like to encourage you to submit original research notes. I wish to see Karachi University journal of Science develop into a scientific journal with the balance, changing toward research communication rather than remain a bulletin. The success of this enterprise depends on your response. I would appreciate your feedback. Prof. Dr. Shahana Urooj Kazmi Professor of Microbiology

Karachi University Journal of Science is the official research publication of the University of Karachi. The articles published in the journal are mainly based on research conducted in various department of the Science faculty, University of Karachi. However, original and standard manuscripts contributed by authors from outside the University are also accepted for publication.

Articles published in the Journal do not represent the views of the University of the University. Authors alone are responsible for the opinions expressed in them and for the accuracy of the material contained in their articles.